Role of objectively measured sedentary behaviour in physical performance,frailty and mortality among older adults: A short systematic review     

Asier Mañas  Borja del Pozo-Cruz  Francisco José García-García  Amelia Guadalupe-Grau 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(7):940-953

Sedentary behaviour (SB) has recently emerged as an independent risk factor for different health outcomes. Older adults accumulate long time in SB. Understanding the role that SB plays on health is crucial for a successful aging. This short systematic review summarizes the current evidence related to the effects of objectively measured SB on frailty, physical performance and mortality in adults ≥60?years old. The literature search produced 271 records for physical performance (n?=?119), frailty (n?=?31), and mortality (n?=?121). Finally, only 13 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All articles but one included in the physical performance section (n?=?9) showed a negative association between longer time spent in SB and physical performance. A significant association of SB with higher odds of frailty was found, however this association disappeared after adjusting for cognitive status. Lastly, two of the three included studies showed positive associations between SB and mortality, but this effect decreased or even disappeared in the more adjusted models. In conclusion, there is consistency that SB is negatively associated with physical performance. However, the relationship between objectively measured SB and frailty incidence and mortality rates remains unclear and deserves further research. The use of homogenous criteria to assess SB and the inclusion of more robust research designs will help clarifying the independent effects that SB could have on physical performance, frailty, and mortality. This will ultimately help designing more efficient and comprehensive physical activity guidelines for older adults.  相似文献   

One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects     

Martin Weiss  Alexandra Newman  Ceri Whitmore  Stephan Weiss 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(4):393-401

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.  相似文献   

Will Obama's My Brother's Keeper and Similar Initiatives Have a Positive Impact on Low-Income Students?     

Joseph Sanacore 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2017,90(4):152-158

Barack Obama's My Brother's Keeper is designed to narrow persistent gaps that boys and young men of color confront often and to help all young people achieve their potential in college and career. An important part of this initiative is comprehensive mentoring that supports students in schools and in communities. Because ethnic-minority students have extremely low graduation rates in high school and college, an essential question is addressed: Can My Brother's Keeper and similar initiatives with a mentoring component be effective in helping minority students to achieve success in elementary and secondary schools and in college?  相似文献   

非对称损失下单边截断分布族参数的经验Bayes检验及其收敛速度     

康会光  李飞翔 《安阳师范学院学报》2007,(2):1-3,6

在一种非对称损失下,构造了一类单边截断型分布族参数的经验Bayes检验,建立其收敛速度,在一定条件下证明了它的收敛速度可以任意接近于1/2。最后给出满足定理条件的一个例子。  相似文献   

住院死亡病例188例分析     

郭华贤  刘占矿  甄红年  许津丽 《河北北方学院学报(医学版)》2003,20(3):16-17

目的 :分析及探讨住院儿童死亡原因 ,以提高儿科临床工作质量 ,降低儿童死亡率。方法 :对 188例住院患儿死亡病例进行回顾分析。结果 :住院患儿的病死率为 2 .0 %。新生儿死亡数占总死亡数的 2 3.4 % ,1岁占 38.8% ,故 1岁以内死亡数占总死亡数的 6 2 .2 %。导致住院儿童死亡的前十位疾病是肺炎、病毒性脑炎、白血病、新生儿窒息、婴幼儿腹泻、败血症、结核病、先天性心脏病、新生儿硬肿症和中毒意外。新生儿、婴幼儿、学龄前及学龄儿的首位死因分别是新生儿窒息、肺炎和白血病。结论 :加强围生期保健 ,预防窒息 ,重视肺炎、白血病的防治对降低儿科住院病死率有重要意义。  相似文献   

一类投资组合模型的模糊两阶段算法     

陈国华  廖小莲 《娄底师专学报》2007,(6):1-2,5

对多目标证券组合投资模型进行了研究，模型以风险损失率作为风险。该模型是一多目标线性优化问题．我们采用模糊折衷算法对模型进行了求解，算例给出了该模型的一个实例的最优解。  相似文献   

美国艺术教育的几个热点问题     

郭兰兰 《教育学报》2011,7(6)

从美国艺术教育研究的三个项目,管窥美国艺术教育三个不同领域的研究:哈佛大学“零点项目”中的一项成果“艺术教育并不必然提高学生的综合学习能力与成绩”,强调重视艺术教育本身不可替代的价值;“艺术教育与辍学率”,揭示出艺术教育能够“延缓孩子辍学时间和延长在校学习时间”的事实,间接证明了艺术教育对在校学习的积极影响;“教学艺术家”的研究,从艺术家从教的各个环节入手,系统地探索、总结这一师资角色的发展和社会作用.  相似文献   

Enhancing the link between higher education and employment     

《International Journal of Educational Development》2015

This study aims to improve the efficiency of fiscal assistance programs for higher education by investigating those variables that influence college graduates’ employment rates. An empirical analysis of 2010–2011 higher education statistics shows that two variables – educational expenditure per student and the number of students per full-time faculty member – consistently and significantly affect college graduates’ employment rates, even after location and type of school are controlled. Although scholarship rates also affect employment rates positively, the number of students per industry–academe liaison officer does not have a statistically significant effect. Moreover, as educational expenditure per student or the student/faculty ratio increases beyond a certain level, graduate employment improves at an increasing rate. The two variables also affect the employment rate interactively. At a relatively higher level of per-student expenditure, employment rates increase even as the student/faculty ratio rises. However, at a relatively lower level of per-student expenditure, employment rates decline as the student/faculty ratio rises.The policy implication is that fiscal assistance programs for higher educational institutions should accord a much greater weight to these key variables when selecting and assessing institutional recipients.  相似文献   

2004年全国女子举重锦标赛成败率技术统计分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘卫国  梁柱平 《体育科技》2005,26(4):35-36

以参加2004年全国女子举重锦标赛各省市代表队参赛选手为研究对象,运用观察统计法所获得各种数据,进行统计分析处理。并根据运动员试举成功率较低情况,对其原因进行分析和探讨,为举重训练提供参考依据。  相似文献   

Peer-Based Supplemental Instruction in STEM: Differences in Effectiveness Across Transfer and Nontransfer Undergraduates     

Rabi A. Musah  Michael Ford 《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2017,10(3):596-618

Although there is a large body of research on the effectiveness of supplemental instruction for college undergraduates, very little of it has focused on transfer students, who often confront additional sources of stress and historically perform more poorly than their native student counterparts. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a peer-based supplemental instructional program in general and organic chemistry at a large state university over a six-year period, while considering differences across transfer and nontransfer students. The results suggest that the supplemental instruction improved outcomes overall but that nontransfer students benefit to a greater degree than transfer students, in the form of higher grades and pass rates, from attending supplemental instruction. The results suggest that peer-based supplemental instruction is a useful method to improve undergraduate student performance in chemistry, but more research is needed on ways to enhance the effectiveness of interventions in improving the performance of transfer undergraduate students in STEM fields.  相似文献